Albert Einstein Essay -- biographies biography bio

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879 to Jewish parents. In the year 1880 the Einsteins moved to Munich so that Albert could attend the school there. Alberts father started a manufactory there in Munich.The most charming story was told ab start the young Albert Einstein when he was 5. He was late to dinner because he was sitting out in the garden thinking under a tree, when he was brought to his father he noticed a small compass on Hermman Einsteins pocket watch. He was fascinated with the little compass and why it always pointed north.School for Einstein was a trying experience. For young Einstein school is just like a barrack...and the teachers are like the officers who tell the soldiers what to do. If you dont learn your lessons by heart they scold or beat you. Even if you dont understand what the books say They are angry when you intercommunicate questions-and I like to ask question.(2)Albert Einstein stayed at the school in Munich until he was about 15, then he left Munich to join his family in Milan. there he while hiking and listening to music he decided to be a theoretical physicist. After this decision was made he left Milan to go the the Zurich Polytechnic school in Switzerland. After a year of study he was admitted to the Zurich Polytechnic and completed a degree in physics. Why should ane not admit a man to the United States...who dares to oppose every war except the inevitable one with his own wife? (1932) (1)Albert Einstein viewed the militarism with his native land as disgusting. At the age of 16 renounced his German citizenship and became a Swiss citizen vowing never to hold German citizenship again. During World War I Einstein was the co-founder of the Bund Neues Vaterland(League of the untried Fa... .... December 20, 1939 (4)I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of the kind that we experience in ourselves. Neither can I nor would I want to conceive of an individual who survives his p hysical death let feeble souls, for fear or absurd egoism, cherish such thoughts. 1930 (1)Bibliography 1. Calaprice, Alice. The Expanded Quotable Einstein. Princeton University muddle Princeton, 2000.2.Levinger, Elina. Albert Einstein. Simon & Schuster, Inc New York, New York, 1949.3. Goldsmith, Mackay, & Woudhuysen. Einstein the First Hundred Years. Pergamon Press New York, 1980.4. www.stcloud.msus.edu/lesikar/einstein/personal.html5. Infeld, Leopold. Albert Eistein His Work and its Influence on Our World. Charles Scribners Sons New York, 1950.6. www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/jr/phys.einstein.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Arthurian Legends English Literature Essays

Sir Gawain and the Green KnightAn anonymous contemporary of Geoffrey Chaucer wrote Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in the fourteenth century. It was written in a Northern dialect and uses alliteration similar to the Anglo-Saxon form of poetry. Alliteration is characterized by the repetition of consonants and a sharp poetry at the end of each section.The story begins as King Arthurs court celebrates the New Year for fifteen days. The lords and ladies of the court are having a gr eat up cadence dancing and feasting. The story describes the lavishly served feast with all the trimmings. Each guest is free to partake in the royal meal. However, King Arthur depart not eat on such a high holiday until someone tells a fascinating or adventurous tale.LINK TO A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THIS constituent Suddenly, a giant man on a horse rides into the hall. Both the imposing man and his horse are entirely green. He is, of course, the Green Knight. crimson his clothing is described in detail as entirely green. In one hand he holds a large ax and in the different he holds a holly bob. The Green Knight asks to see the leader of the crowd. King Arthur stands up and speaks to the Green Knight, obviously excited by the thought of the tales that this stranger will tell. The Knight offers a challenge to anyone brave enough to accept it. The Green Knight will allow his opponent to strike his recognize with the large ax that he holds. The opponent must travel to the Green Knights castle in one year to accept a similar blow in return. When no(prenominal) of the knights volunteer, Arthur rises to accept the Green Knights challenge. Sir Gawain, the youngest of King Arthurs knights, asks to be allowed to stand in for his king. The Green Knight doesnt move or flinch as he offers his bare neck to Gawain. Gawain grabs the Green Knights ax firmly and chops off his read/write head. The head falls to the ground and rolls past the feet of many of the pe ople in the court. To the shock of everyone, the Green Knight gets up, grabs the head by the hair, and mounts his horse.

Use of Reflexivity in Ethnographic Research :: Anthropology Culture Ethnography Papers

Use of Reflexivity in Ethnographic ResearchWorks Cited missThe use of reflexivity in ethnographic research and writing is used to insist that the anthropologist has systematically and rigorously revealed their methodology and their self as the instrument of info collection and generation. Reflexivity can play a variety of roles in ethnographic writings as observed in the works of Renato Rosaldo, Dorinne Kondo, and Ruth Behar. These trine anthropologists all use reflexivity in different ways to convey their findings and feelings. The three works, however, also point out the advantages and the limits of ethnographic reflexivity.Renato Rosaldo in his article distress and a Headhunters Rage uses ethnographic reflexivity to show how in the beginning of his issuework he was not yet in a position to comprehend the exponent of anger possible in bereavement (Rosaldo, 7) and that it wasnt until fourteen years later when he experienced the loss of his wife that he could comprehend what the Ilongots had told him astir(predicate) grief, rage, and headhunting. Rosaldo then writes I began to fathom the force of what Ilongots had been telling me about their losses through my own loss, and not through any systematic preparation for field research (Rosaldo, 8). Renato Rosaldos own experiences had helped him to understand and empathize with the Ilongots, who fourteen years earlier, he was not able to understand that the Ilongots statement that Rage, born of grief, impels him to run through his fellow human beings. (Rosaldo, 1)Rosaldos writings point out that having similar experiences allows the anthropologist to understand and empathize with the people they are studying. This comprehension on the anthropologists behalf allows for easier availability and transcription to the general public. Shared experiences, however, allow for more biases and interpretations to seep into the anthropologists writing. It is more likely that the anthropologist will use his or her own experiences and interpretations when writing on the culture. Renato Rosaldo addresses this issue when he writes, by invoking personal experience as an analytical category one risks easy dismissal (Rosaldo, 11).In the article Dissolution and Reconstitution of ego Implications for Anthropological Epistemology, Dorinne Kondo uses ethnographic reflexivity to discuss her research in Japan, being a Nipponese-American, and the expectations of being Japanese. Dorinne Kondo was torn between the American culture she was accustomed to and the Japanese culture she was studying and tried to associate with.

Socrates Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

In Crito, Plato recounts the last days of Socrates, immediately before his execution was to recurrence place in Athens. In the dialogue, Socrates pupil, Crito, proposes that Socrates escape from prison. Socrates considers this proposal, trying to make up whether escaping would be just and morally justified. Eventually, Socrates concludes that the act is considered unjust and morally unjustified. Socrates then decides to accept his quite a little and proceeded with his execution. Socrates was a man who was in pursuit of the impartiality (Durant). In his refusal to accept exile from Athens or a commitment of silence as a penalty, he chooses death and is thrown into prison. While Socrates is awaiting his execution, many of his friends, including Crito, go in with a foolproof plan for his escape from Athens to live in exile voluntarily. Socrates sedately debates with each friend over the moral value and plea of such an act. ...people who do non know you and me will believe that I might wipe out salvage you if I had been willing to collapse money, but that I did not supervise. -Crito (Wolff 37). Crito believed that by patroning Socrates to escape, he could go on to fulfill his personal obligations. Also, if Socrates does not follow the plan, many people would assume that his friends did not c are ab start him enough to help him escape or that his friends are not willing to give their time or money in order to help him. Therefore, Crito goes on to argue that Socrates ought to escape from the prison. After listening to Critos arguments, Socrates dismisses them as irrelevant to a decision about what action is truly right. Now you, Crito, are not going to die to-morrow-...-and therefore you are disinterested and not liable to be deceived by the circumstances in which you are placed. -Socrates (Wolff 40). In the arguments that Socrates makes, he emphasizes that what other people think does not matter. The only opinions that should matter are the ones of the individuals that truly know. The truth alone deserves to be the basis for decisions about human action, so the only proper approach is to engage in the sort of careful moral debate by means of which one may hope to light upon it (Wolff 43). According to Socrates, the only opinion that he is willing to consider would be that of the state. ...if you go forth, return evil for evil, and injury for injury,...we shall be angry with you ... ... state of Athens, constitutes disobedience against the state. He argues that obeying the state is a requirement right up until death. He says that by not obeying the state that he was embossed in, its like not obeying his parents that raised him. Socrates was a man who stuck to his commitment to truth, morality and philosophy over life. He had a bully commitment to his state, therefore by disobeying it, he would be committing suicide in a sense. If Socrates had disobeyed his state, he would never be throw overboarded to enter it again, nor w ould any other allow him to live peacefully. His arguments throughout the whole dialogue were very strong. Socrates looked out for his state, while Critos arguments were based on himself and how others would view him. Socrates conclusion to stay in the prison may have cost him his life, but his act saved the morality and truth of Athens. Works CitedWolff, Robert Paul. Ten Great Works of Philosophy. New York Penguin Group, 1969.Durant, William. The degree of Philosophy. New York Washington Square Press Publications, 1961. wad I, Ninth Edition. Civilization Past & Present. New York Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 2000. Socrates Essay examples -- essays research papers fc In Crito, Plato recounts the last days of Socrates, immediately before his execution was to take place in Athens. In the dialogue, Socrates pupil, Crito, proposes that Socrates escape from prison. Socrates considers this proposal, trying to decide whether escaping would be just and morally justified. E ventually, Socrates concludes that the act is considered unjust and morally unjustified. Socrates then decides to accept his fate and proceeded with his execution. Socrates was a man who was in pursuit of the truth (Durant). In his refusal to accept exile from Athens or a commitment of silence as a penalty, he chooses death and is thrown into prison. While Socrates is awaiting his execution, many of his friends, including Crito, arrive with a foolproof plan for his escape from Athens to live in exile voluntarily. Socrates calmly debates with each friend over the moral value and justification of such an act. ...people who do not know you and me will believe that I might have saved you if I had been willing to give money, but that I did not care. -Crito (Wolff 37). Crito believed that by helping Socrates to escape, he could go on to fulfill his personal obligations. Also, if Socrates does not follow the plan, many people would assume that his friends did not care about him enough to h elp him escape or that his friends are not willing to give their time or money in order to help him. Therefore, Crito goes on to argue that Socrates ought to escape from the prison. After listening to Critos arguments, Socrates dismisses them as irrelevant to a decision about what action is truly right. Now you, Crito, are not going to die to-morrow-...-and therefore you are disinterested and not liable to be deceived by the circumstances in which you are placed. -Socrates (Wolff 40). In the arguments that Socrates makes, he emphasizes that what other people think does not matter. The only opinions that should matter are the ones of the individuals that truly know. The truth alone deserves to be the basis for decisions about human action, so the only proper approach is to engage in the sort of careful moral reasoning by means of which one may hope to reveal it (Wolff 43). According to Socrates, the only opinion that he is willing to consider would be that of the state. ...if you go forth, returning evil for evil, and injury for injury,...we shall be angry with you ... ... state of Athens, constitutes disobedience against the state. He argues that obeying the state is a requirement right up until death. He says that by not obeying the state that he was raised in, its like not obeying his parents that raised him. Socrates was a man who stuck to his commitment to truth, morality and philosophy over life. He had a great commitment to his state, therefore by disobeying it, he would be committing suicide in a sense. If Socrates had disobeyed his state, he would never be allowed to enter it again, nor would any other allow him to live peacefully. His arguments throughout the whole dialogue were very strong. Socrates looked out for his state, while Critos arguments were based on himself and how others would view him. Socrates conclusion to stay in the prison may have cost him his life, but his act saved the morality and truth of Athens. Works CitedWolff, Robert Paul. Ten Great Works of Philosophy. New York Penguin Group, 1969.Durant, William. The Story of Philosophy. New York Washington Square Press Publications, 1961.Volume I, Ninth Edition. Civilization Past & Present. New York Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 2000.

Should We Legalize Marijuana? :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Should We Legalize Marijuana? In the perspective of the Statess war on drugs, marihuana is one of the biggest enemies. And since alcoholic drink and tobacco, two life threatening substances, are legal it is a relevant question to ask why cannabis is illegal. The taxpayers of America can partly answer this question when they fill out their tax forms and when they hear the hash rhetoric used against marijuana by the government. The fact that marijuana is illegal is sufficiently caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. In other words, the government cannot turn back now. In order to certify this cause, the difference between illegal and legal substances (specifically alcohol and marijuana) must be abolished. Alcohol, as we all know, was once illegal. The reason that it was illegal was because the ill effects of alcohol led many people to fight for the prohibition cause. Some of these ill effects are direct and some alter the behavior and motor skills of the drinker, component them do things they would not usually do. More often than not, the direct effects result from heavy drinking, like depression is frequently diagnosed in alcoholics (Rittenhouse 140). But adept getting drunk can do serious harm. Accidental trauma forms the major cause of brain damage from alcohol (140) would indicate alcohol as a threat to human health. Marijuana on the other hand seems a little out of place in its classification as illegal. The tooth root previously cited notes that, Although it is classified as a Schedule I drug for regulatory purposes, it is clearly different pharmacologically from the opiate analgesics (Rittenhouse 151). Also, recently a heated reflect has arisen on the medicinal value of marijuana. Whether there is a definite use for marijuana is unclear, but there is surely no such debate concerning alcohol. So once again I posture the question why is marijuana illegal if it is not more dangerous than substances that are legal? The American governments enthronement in the war on drugs spans the spectrum of governmental offices. But the main recipient of funds from the budget is the Drug Enforcement Agency, located in the Department of Justice. Before I start quoting budget allocations, I would like to ask the reader to make a small assumption. The budget does not make distinctions between fighting marijuana and fighting cocaine, heroine, etc. So I would ask that the reader assume marijuana accounts for five percent of the budgets drug prevention allocations.

Free Essays - Alexander Pope’s Essay on Man :: Alexander Pope Essay on Man

Alexander popes try on on ManAn enormous emphasis was placed on the capability to think and reason during the Enlightenment. People during this era thought and reasoned slightly a variety of topics. Some people touch on themselves with the issue of God, which consequently caused many to question the perform building. Others were concerned with the organization of the Universe, and mans place within that Universe. The first epistle of Alexander Popes Essay on Man can be considered an articulation of the Enlightenment because it encompasses three major concerns of the people during the Enlightenment. Pope addresses mans ability to reason and think for himself, he questions the church and the nature of Christianity, and he also speculates about mans place in the world, as apart of the great chain of life. The ability to reason was the central focus of the Enlightenment also denoted The Age of Reason. Pope begins epistle one by appealing to the reason of his audience. He writes, Together let us beat this ample field, / Try to open, what the covert yield Pope encourages his audience to use the reason they have been given, to examine those things that have been advised against. To reason about those issues which have been kept in secrecy. He then goes on to write say first, of God above, or man below, / What can we reason, but from what we know? Pope again is addressing the ability of his audience to reason. He is trying to bring them into the 18th century, asking them to look for evidence in the knowledge they receive, rather then allowing the church to spoon-feed them all of their knowledge. bodyOffer() During the Enlightenment, people began to question the church for the first time. Pope exemplifies this when he writes, no Christians thirst for gold. Pope subtly questions the nature of Christianity and Christians by exposing their own impish desire for material goods. His words are simple, but they say a lot. By acknowledging that these Christians sin , and thirst for gold, he asks then why a man is looked win upon if they do not aspire to be Christian, since Christians have a sinful nature just like that of every other man. Pope was not all in questioning Christianity and the church. David Hume writes, the Truth of Christian Religion is less than the Evidence for the Truth of our Senses Many writers during the Enlightenment not only questioned Christianity, but also the church in general.

Axolotl Biology Research Essay

A sexually mature adult axolotl, at age 1824 months, ranges in length from 1545 cm (618 in), although a size close to 23 cm (9 in) is intimately common and great than 30 cm (12 in) is r ar. Axolotls possess features typical of salamander larvae, including external branchias and a caudal fin extending from behind the head to the vent. Their heads ar wide, and their eyes are lidless. Their limbs are underdeveloped and possess long, thin digits. Males are identified by their swollen cloacae lined with papillae, while females are noticeable for their wider bodies full of eggs.Three pairs of external gill stalks (rami) originate behind their heads and are used to move oxygenated water. The external gill rami are lined with filaments (fimbriae) to increase surface area for gas exchange. Four gill slits lined with gill rakers are hidden underneath the external gills. Axolotls have barely visible vestigial teeth, which would have developed during metamorphosis. The primary method of pl y is by suction, during which their rakers interlock to close the gill slits. External gills are used for respiration, although buccal pumping (gulping air from the surface) may besides be used in cast to provide oxygen to their lungs.Axolotls have four different colours, two naturally occurring colors and two mutants. The two naturally occurring colors are wildtype (varying shades of cook usually with spots) and melanoid (black). The two mutant colors are leucistic (pale pink with black eyes) and albino (golden, tan or pale pink with pink eyes). mexican axolotl are able to shed their skin just like snakes. Australians and New Zealanders frequently refer to the Axolotl as the Mexican Walking Fish, though the Axolotl is not a fish but an amphibian, a salamander, area of the order Caudata/Urodela.Because its a salamander, its part of one of the three branches of class Amphibia, which also includes the frogs and toads-0 (the Anurans-1), and the mainly eel-like order, Gymnophiona, w hich are also known as the Caecilians. The name Axolotl comes from the Aztec language, Nahuatl. One of the most popular translations of the name connects the Axolotl to the god of deformations and death, Xolotl, while the most comm only accepted translation is water-dog (from atl for water, and xolotl, which can also mean dog).The mexican axolotl has the ability of regenerating its body parts, so if it loses a body part it can just grow it back. it is a carnovore The Axolotl is the largest member of the family Ambystomatidae The Axolotl was originally native to Xochimilco and Chalco, two freshwater lakes south of Mexico City. Sadly, Chalco is now gone, and Xochimilco survives only as a network of canals and lagoons. These bodies of water are muddy bottomed and rich in plant and animal life.

Behavior Problem In Children And Adolescents

This is a story of Ted, an eight year boy, in whose eyes there ever so was seen a certain kind of anxiety. He loves playing football like any other baby in my neighborhood. He has brown hair, wears long T-shirt, hat and always has a muffler around his neck. He looks like any other normal boy but one day when I went to his house, I axiom anxious face of this cause and what she told made me tangle thinking. She said that one day Ted was sitting in his English class and suddenly he felt that he should run away from his room, or he was going to get mad and hurt somebody.Not only this, he started breathing very fast and began to swing too. He asked his teacher that he wanted to leave the classroom but his teacher simply refused. He became so adamant that he started to scream, just kicked the desk, slammed the entre behind and rushed outside the class room finally finding himself landing in the Principals office. He apologized but that was not the closing curtain of the story. Som etimes his face as well used to turn red. He started behaving in this manner in regular intervals.His mother told me that they had even got him thoroughly examined by the sterilize but there was no serious fuss with him. He stayed with his mother who got divorced few historic period back, and there was no one else in the house. His mother goes to office after dropping him to near by school and Ted always returns home disappointed, finding himself all alone. Later it was found out that he is low-down from Panic Disorder. Panic incommode is a form of anxiety disorder commonly found in thousands of electric shaverren all over United States of America.Generally 12 per centime of children of ninth grade have panic attacks, and 1-2 per cent of adults have this problem. Children having Panic disorders may die hard from disquietude and discomfort, palpitation, pounding tinder or great heart rate, trembling, sweating, shaking legs, nausea, dizziness etc. Panic disorder has become the most common problem among children and adults alike. They may also feel choking, chest pain, fear of dying, parasthesia (numbness or tingling sensation) etc.We generally ignore Panic disorder terming the symptoms as normal behavior of children but it is a very serious problem, which can hamper the childs mental and physical growth. Affected children atomic number 18 socially cut off, their school performance is deteriorated and they may suffer from many other problems. It is not obligatory that those children who are having panic attacks may have panic disorder, if 10 % of the children will suffer from panic attacks then 1 to 2 per cent only suffer from Panic disorder.Out of these who develop the Panic disorder, 10-35% is sure to get cured, 50% may get affected mildly later. The most common of all panic disorder is Agrophobia. This means always having a feeling of finding in a place or any accompaniment were it is impossible to escape, or face a situation where help is not ne arby available. According to the researchers, Panic disorder is caused when there is abnormality in that part of the brain, which indicates the quantity of Carbondioxide in the blood. If Carbondioxide is more, this means breathing is less than normal.Therefore, body will send the signals to increase the breathing process and also send adrenaline to help in the same process. We can also say that Panic disorder is hereditary problem. The children are much more likely to have an anxiety disorder if a parent also has an anxiety disorder. Part of this heredity is expressed through something called Behavioral Inhibition, which means reacting opposite to entirely new situation and things. Some infants and children will be very happy, raring(predicate) and curious to find out about new people and things.However, roughly 15% of children will feel shy, withdrawn, and irritable in a new situation or with new people or things. Teds problem of Panic disorder is a problem of anxiety disorder, wh ich is the most common among Children and adolescents. There are many kinds of anxiety disorders but the most common of them are Separation Anxiety Disorder and Specific Phobias, occurring in the age group between 6-9 years old. Anxiety is one of the many disorders affecting man hood like neuroses. Children generally suffer from maximum fear and worry more than their parents do.Many of these problems can be predicted and cured easily so clinician before starting the treatment should carefully examine the behavior among children and then should prescribe the medicine for the same. Girls suffer more from fear than boys do. Separation anxiety disorder is found in childhood only and these involve the problems like specific phobia, social phobia among others. Children suffering from the phobias will distort to leave the feared object. Social phobia occurs when children fear from being humiliated in public place.Children may get scared of speaking, writing, reading, performing in public, initiating and maintaining conversations, speaking to countenance figures and interacting in informal social situations. The idea can daunt on the children that what others will think of them and may suffer somatic symptoms with a sole innovation to escape uncomfortable situations. These children may suffer from lower self esteem and and always feel lonely and sad. This disorder can be comorbid with other diagnoses such as anxiety or depression.So, it becomes inevitable to treat the problem, whatever disorder the child may be suffering from before it causes some serious implications on his health and life. There should be open communication between clinicians, therapists, family and school staff. The source of stress of the child should be reduced through counseling, medicines and realiseive environment both at home and school. It becomes utmost important for the parents to understand the illness of the child and his struggle with it. The child should not be left isolated.They should listen to the childs feeling, praise his efforts and encourage him to participate in various activities to relieve him of the stress, tension and depression. Teds mother also understood the root cause of problem and following the advice of child psychologists, she herself undertook parent guidance counseling sessions. With this, she was able to manage his sons illness effectively by providing much needed support and love. Soon, Ted was on the path of recovery. Reference Nelson R. W. , Emeritus & Allen Y. (2005) Behavior Disorders of Childhood. Publisher Prentice Hall

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Usa – Seat Problem

1. As Doug Friesen, what would you do to address the seat problem? Where would you focus your direction and solution efforts? Why? The two major causes of seat defects originate with KFS, relating to material flaws and missing parts. The seat bolster switch off is a distant third. As KFS is the obligated party the situation needs to be addressed at their site. Using the traditional TMC first principle of lets go see it and hence converge on the Five Whys, Doug should visit KFS and inspect the manufacturing and QC process.By focusing on uncovering issues at the source of the pose, it is likely there go out be fewer problems at the TMM plant. The focus on QC at KFS could authorityly eliminate 113 of the 138 problems reported between 14-30 April, 1992. In the short term, address the immediate issue of the backlog by reconciling orders with KFS to ensure the backlog is cleared. This would require little resource and be a quick win. 2. What options exist? What would you recommend? Why?Simplifying the seats could reduce the problem since product proliferation appears to added complexity to KFS manufacturing process, though its unlikely that the designers will take this feedback as welcome given similar issues are not faced at the Japanese plant. Redesigning the seat or replacing easily broken parts could reduce breakage and installation issues, while training the staff to be more careful with installation, or the KFS staff with assembly, may also be an option.Replacing the supplier would be a high-risk option that would sole(prenominal) be explored if the issues at KFS were so irreversible that TMM had no other choice. While all of these options may potentially address part of the issue, improving the QC process and thence working backwards from there into the assembly and manufacture at KFS will ultimately subscribe to the greatest single impact on production efficiency. 3. Where, if at all, does the current routine for handling defective seats deviate fro m the principles of the Toyota Production System?One of the major underlying principles of TPS was building in quality on the line. The reporting of defects at the seat assembly point did not appear to be consistent and was only uncovered by interviewing team leaders on the factory floor. In addition, cars were reported as defective yet continued down the assembly line until completion, where they were taken off-line to wait for a electric switch seat. Nowhere else on the line were cars removed due to defect team leaders or production managers were responsible for resolving issues while still in the assembly line.The reasons for doing so appeared rational, since the car could be finished with a defective seat, seats needed to be ordered from KFS and stopping the line for such a lengthy period would have decreased productivity. One flaw in the process was that there were flaws that could be rectified in the Code 1 clinic. These flaws could have been dealt with while on the assembly line and thus reduced the burden in the clinic, while raising awareness of common defects and their source earlier in the process.The clinic did not appear to have the same reporting responsibilities as the assembly line since management were not aware of the main causes of the defects. 4. What is the real problem lining Doug Friesen? Process and feedback management problems at TMM and quality control management issues at KFS were the underlying reasons for the seat problems. Moreover, the jidoka process had been bypassed in the seat installation process, exposing a potential weakness in the production line.Doug should implement an in-line attempt at fixing seat problems prior to the referral to the Code 1 Clinic. Regular feedback from the clinic as well as the assembly line would improve information transparency and identify the source of defects for management at the earliest point in the process. Finally, the same processes should be adopt at KFS and QC strengthened considerabl y to avoid the delivery of defective seats as much as possible. Since this is a critical path to seat delivery, no seats should pass to TMM without a thorough QC test at KFS.

Barrack Obama’s Speech on Racism

For two hundred and twenty one years, the United States of the States has long been haunted by the blunders of racism. Within the past years, racism has caused a divisive line that sheltered hatred, anger and injustice within the hearts of Americans whites, blacks and br makes. And though the American constitution has promised the American people justice and liberty, the ideal of attaining an equal citizenship amongst the people has not been made possible.And yet, despite the years of struggle for fair race treatment, the vast land of America has still been tied to the bondage of racist commentaries and visions. And Barrack Obamas speech has been keen on pin iteming the areas of blunders wherein racism waved stronger. Barrack Obamas speech thence fueled the issue of racism, not only through keen observation of what has happened in his environment, but also due to the fact that he was also power of the circle that harbored the evils of racism.The speech is keen on presenting the c ontroversies and atrocities brought by up griping too much for ones own race, unmindful whether it damaged and wounded the principles upheld by early(a) race. Racism is not merely the fault of either the blacks or the whites but rather, racism has been for ages an intense issue because both of the two sides were biased enough to hold grudges in their hearts. Racism is indeed endemic. It has caused concerns ranging from education, poverty, inequality and war.Adults and children of both genders and different hues, have suffered widely due to biased racial views. And it is even more heightened due to the charitables tendency of keeping angst and hatred in their hearts, and their natural tendency of pointing the bluff and blaming the other race for their sufferings. Although it is indeed true that at some point of their lives, the blacks suffered from extreme biasness and racist judgments. History has shown that blacks have been deprived of equal opportunities that whites enjoyed.On t he other hand, at some instances, whites have also been neglected and their growth impeded. But nonetheless, it is neer proper and just to point the blame on neither of the races. If the people coming from different races leave behind continue blaming other races for their misfortunes and lack of opportunities, their nation will be put into the deepest of slump. Prosperity and progress shall never come to a nation basind by color, gender, race and ethnicity. Racial issue is a ploughshare of the nations history growth or demise success or failure. As such, it is an issue that no one can ignore.And given that it is bonnie more and more elated and heightened, the nation should come to a point of putting a decisive end against racial issue continuing to divide the people and the land. And as Obama stated, it is never possible to throw away a part of your personality. Being white or black is never ones choice. It came from birth and from it, comes also the opportunities and challeng es positive or negative that came uniquely with ones identity and race. And whatever one has achieved in his/her life is due to his/her own choices and own calls.Indeed, America has come to a crucial point of ceasing racism and ethnocentrism from ripping off the country. As Obama stated, the people is entitled for an favourion. The people can opt to occupy on having to shelter guilty feelings and hatred towards the other race or citizens of a color different to theirs. Or people can choose to embrace the differences and march along a line towards equality and cultural relativism. Equality reaches far more concerns other than giving education to children and youth, provision for jobs, and authority for proper healthcare to all of the people.Equality should mean that each and every person in the country recognizes each others differences in color, race and ethnicity, and not minding those differences at all. If this is achieved, then the nation is ought to move towards progress. And this time, a kind of progress that extends to every citizen, every individual, regardless of gender, ethnic or race. This time, a nation that grows stronger in union is to be built. Reference Obama, Barrack. 18 March 2008. Transcript of Barrack Obamas Speech. CNN. com. Retrieved April 14, 2007 from

3 Best Consumer Products Essay

there, without a doubt, have been amny amazing inventions throughout the past century. As a frequent user of many of these, including the television, personal computer, and videodisk player, it took me a while to narrow it down to the common chord best. With that, I have concluded what I believe to be the three best consumer products of the past one-hundred years. cosmos the music fanatic that I am, I believe the CD, or compact disk, to be my favorite of the inventions. To begin with, the CD is much smaller, slimmer, and easier to store and carry than previous music devices, such(prenominal) as records and cassette tapes. Also, CDs ar able to store so much music up to ninety minutes on several(prenominal) disks. There are a few disadvantages to the CD as well. They must be handled very carefully so they are non scratched. Another disadvantage is that they are more costly than a cassette or record. The compact disk has become a major staple in most households today.Next would ha ve to be the dishwashing machine. One of the social occasions I love about the dishwasher is the immense amount of time it saves. Many dishes can be washed at once in the amount of time it would usually take to wash much less by hand. A disadvantage of the dishwasher would include pre-washing. Usually the dirty dishes take up to be rinsed off thoroughly before being placed in the dishwasher, as sometimes it does not clean the dishes completely. Overall, I still interpret the dishwasher to be a great product due to the busy, hectic lives of people of the twenty and twenty-first centuries.Lastly, as I am sure most would agree, would the be the cell phone. Cell phones are now so small and compact that they are able to fit most anywhere. They are a great thing to have in case of emergencies, as well. In the past few years, cell phones have evolved in so many ways to include such features as text messaging, cameras, and even the internet. With all of these features also comes expense .Cell phones can cost anywhere from thirty to thousands of dollars. Another downside cell phones would be that they are not always reliable. Depending on ones location, cell phones are capable of losing service, which can be quite irritating. Despite the few disadvantages, I would still consider it to be the third greatest consumer product of the past century.Though all of the products I have listed could use a little improvement in some areas, I belive most would agree that the compact disk, dishwasher, and cell phone are three very wonderful products that have changed the lives of many. I believe those to be the three best consumer products of the past one-hundred years.

Benito Mussolini Essay Founding Father of Fascism

Name * Teacher * ENG2D1 27/05/2012 Benito Mussolini, Founding Father of Fascism Mussolini once stated that It is humiliating to uphold with our hands folded while others write history. It matters little who wins. To make a people great it is necessary to send them to battle even if you assimilate to kick them in the pants. That is what I shall do. As you would expect words like these from the mouth of Mussolini himself had been the inspirational backing to this dictators rain as sole pencil leader of Italy in the fascistic troupe for nearly 24 years.Before the contend, Mussolini formed the Fascist Party of Italy, by gathering the roaring bear of many unemployed WWI veterans, like him. He proved to be the founder of Fascism and he had united Italy as nonpareil. During the fight, Mussolini became power hungry, after joining forces with Hitler and the country of Japan. Hitler had influenced Mussolini to make many short(p) choices which would ultimately lead to the deaths of t he both of them and the slaughtering of Fascism itself.After Mussolinis fall from power, which occurred in the midst of WWII, Italy was thrown into chaos as the remaining Fascists fought against the partisans and the Italian army was left with no orders as to what they moldiness do. As one may expect, this was just a temporary setback, and Italy once again formed its democracy. This essay will look at Benito Mussolinis action on Fascism and Italy before and during the war and after his fall from power. After WWI, Mussolini developed distaste for Socialism and had declared it to be a failure, he called for a new-made system to be formed, one that would revive the nation of Italy to its former Roman glory.Mussolini utilized a subroutine of books and ideals to form the Fascist system. When discussing the Ideology behind Fascism, Mussolini support that Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the develop custodyt of humanity, quite apart from political consideratio ns of the moment, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. In 1922, Mussolini had gained the support of a number of Italian war veterans, at this same time Italy was in complete political anarchy, with no real party in power.He had used this as supplement to gain power and eventually make himself the leader of Italy. The King handed over power to Mussolini by inviting him to form his own government. Soon, Mussolinis Fascist battlefront had formed into the National Fascist Party. The Fascist party had gradually disassembled the democratic government and gained full support of the military, business class, and the liberals. By 1925, Mussolinis Fascist party had taken control of Italy and he had given himself the title of II Duce. With such a title, he holds no responsibility to parliament and can only be remove by the king.He flat set out to re-establish Italy as a study European power. In the years to come, Mussolini faced many assassination atte mpts, one being from an Archaist, this lead to Mussolini outlawing all other parties, in 1926. He coordinated many illegal activities in order to keep himself in power, one such being cooperating with the Mafia to reduce violence in order to make it seem as if the Mafia was defeated. With Mussolini in power, surrounded by greed, and no opponent left standing, the living standard for the average Italian fell greatly.Mussolini knew he needed to do something to prevent uproar from the Italian people. In 1930, an economic picture hit Italy and Mussolini had to find some way to help recover the economy. By 1935, Mussolini had control over three quarters of all business in Italy. He made an attempt at creating government initiatives to combat the economic setbacks and unemployment levels. Most of these failed because they used up valuable resources. Mussolini made it seem as if all was wellhead and these initiatives were working by the means of propaganda.To gain further control of the economy, he issued price and wage controls in 1938. He later attempted to make Italy self-sufficing by instituting high tariffs on trade against all countries except Germany. As one would expect, the whole of Mussolinis rein, up to this point, had been an utter failure and all he had to defend himself with was propaganda. His first and well-nigh important priority was to brainwash the minds of the Italian peoples through careful monitoring and censorship of press, radio, education, and films.In conclusion, before the war, Mussolini had a negative install on the quality of lives of the Italian people up to this point, and he also has so far proven that although it may have some sense in theory, Fascism when under the wrong leadership can go very bad. In 1939, the threat of war was approaching as tensions were growing in Europe it was now up to Mussolini to decide which side to choose. It was weak to Mussolini that Nazi Germany had a heavy chance of winning if war was to arise i n Europe and that he would have to join with them now in order to secure Italys position as a global superpower in the near future.And so, in 1939, Italy and Germany curb to a military and political alliance, giving birth to the Axis. Soon after, in 1940, Japan joined the Axis. With the war in its beginning stages and Germany already showing strong favor, Italy joined the war. On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France. Many Italian people were very wiry about the joining of a major war at such a bad time for the economy, but their fears were tarnished by the quick takeover of France in just eleven days. Regardless, Italian soldiers were unequipped and badly trained.These facts became exposed when Italy encountered failures in safeguarding their territory in Northern Africa and the Balkans. Mussolinis defeated armies were sent to the Soviet Union to help Nazi Germany in their poorly planned invasion on the USSR. This proved to be a fatal choice, as the thin numbers of the weak Italian army grew even thinner. It was clear that it Italy was to face invasion on its own soil then it would never have the power left to defend. That fact was clear to the allies, and so, in July 1943, the fighting came near to Italys doorstep with the invasion on Sicily by allied forces.Things were looking down for Italy, with a portion of southern Italy seized by the allies and a barrage occurring in Rome for the first time in history. Mussolini was losing confidence from his people. Mussolini had proven himself a failure in his handling of the war and he was soon removed from his position by the King. He was arrested almost immediately. With Mussolini powerless, and the nation split in half between the Nazi north and the Allies south, the nation was in anarchy. In time, the Fascist system was overrun and some of Italy changed sides. The Allied controlled south of Italy declared war on Germany on October 13, 1943.Mussolini was rescued from his imprisonment at the Hotel Campo Imperatore during the Gran Sasso Raid, ii months after his arrest. Hitler assisted Mussolini in setting up a new regime (Italian Socialist Republic) and during his final two years, Mussolini lived in Northern Italy and spent much of his time writing his own autobiography. Soon, the war was over and the Fascist rein in Italy was over as well as the Nazi rein in Germany. Hitler found solution to this through suicide Mussolini chose a different solution and decided to make an attempt at fleeing to Switzerland with the remaining members of the Italian Socialist Republic.Mussolini was caught and penalize along with the other members of the Italian Socialist Republic which were with him at the time. In conclusion, during the war, Mussolini had had worsened the lives of the Italian people and had proven once and for all that Fascism simply does non work and will never function well enough to be a proper system of government. Mussolini was beaten, having failed the nation he swore to protect, his corpse was left hung anatropous on a meat hook for all of Italy to ease their worries.Following Mussolinis fall from power, Italy was pushed into further distress. Italy was left without a proper leader and the aftereffects of Mussolinis poor governing still remained a very real issue to Italians. Strung in poverty, fighting within the government and lack of leadership had tossed Italy into a war within its own borders. And so, in September of 1943, the Italian Civil War began. It was a fight between the remaining supporters of Mussolini (Fascists) and the Parisians. The Fascists still had the support of Nazi Germany and the Parisians had support of the Allies.This was a war within a war, a fight between Italians over governmental system and ultimately for basic freedoms. This war had dragged on until the devastation of Nazi Germany and the surrendering of the final Axis members. The Fascists had been defeated and a new system had to be put into place. It al l started with elections just as it had nearly 30 years ago before Mussolini was in power. The first democratic vote made resulted in the dissolving of the monarchy, and soon a new prime minister was in place and Italians began to renew their trust in the democratic system.One may think that Mussolinis legacy did not in fact live on in the governmental system or in the people of Italy, but in fact, it did. Successors of the recently banned National Fascist Party had formed their own parties, the most famous of which being the MSI (Movimento Sociale Italiano) which was dissolved in 1995. The MSI was later replaced with National Alliance which still exists today as a party that is in fact distant to Fascism its leader even once stated that Fascism is an absolute evil. In conclusion, afterMussolini had died, Italy had recovered very well, and now, thanks to Mussolini, we all know its wise to study from history and never to return back to such an illogical system as Fascism. This essa y has looked at Benito Mussolinis effect on Fascism and Italy before and during the war and after his fall from power. Before the war, following WWI, Italy was in chaos, without a leader and with distrust in the democratic system, Italy had placed its trust in Mussolini and his newly invented Fascist System.During this time, Mussolini made Italians poor and had worsened their quality of lives and thus had been a poor leader. During the war, Mussolini had risked the lives of Italians through carless actions on his part. He allied with the evils of the Nazi Party and sent his men to wars they couldnt fight when being so ill-equipped and poorly trained. After his death, Italy was once again in chaos, so much so that they entered into a well-mannered war which finally put an end to the Fascist movement. His legacy still lived on in the parties that replaced his.Even though some may wish to forget, his legacy has force the savior of many more innocent people due to the fact that he pro ved that Fascism is an evil system that shall never be used again. This breed has concluded that Mussolini was an awful leader who divided the nation more then he united it and also that Fascism is too archaic for a sophisticated recent society, such as ours. Work Cited Trueman, C.. Benito Mussolini. History learning site. historylearningsite. co. uk, 2008. Web. 31 May 2012. . Head of Government and Duce of Fascist In Office. Wikipedia. Google, 2011. Web. 31 May 2012. . unknown, . Historic Figures Benito Mussolini (1883-1945). Bbc. co. uk. BBC History, 2011. Web. 31 May 2012. . Mussolini, . Benito Mussolini Quotes . Benito mussolini quotes. N. p. , 2001. Web. 31 May 2012.

Crimes of the powerful Essay

IntroductionIn this age of an almost overwhelming profusion of criminal activity, it may seem surprising to discover that not any crimes and criminals be treated in the same manner. In fact, on closer inspection, research has suggested that there is a tendency for certain crimes and criminals to be positively overlooked, typically these creation crimes of the powerful. (Ditton, 1977 Box, 1983 Chambliss, 1989 in Muncie, 1996)Before embarking on the differential responses to the crimes of the powerful, it is prudent to clarify exactly what is meant by powerful and the nature of crimes they commit. Powerful is defined as being influential, paramount and authoritative. Studies have shown that the types of crimes committed by such individuals are often in the affluent, surreptitious sphere of business and commerce, with a stable family background who consistently own a good character. (Hughes, Langan, 1996)Studies by Sutherland (1949/67, cited in Hughes et al, 1996 p.244) described the types of crimes the powerful commit as, violations of law by persons in the upper socio-economic class are, for convenience called innocence neck ruff crimes There are most different kinds of w pretende collar or corporation crime, ranging from fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, to health and safety, environment crime, tax evasion, and crimes against the consumer.In considering the existence of corporal crimes and acknowledging that to individually victim there is an individual hail, how usher out we explain the need of storying, detection and punishment?DiscussionIn Henry & Milovanovics Prism of annoyance (1996, in Muncie, 1996 p.21), crimes of the powerful tend to have low visibility, have an indirect influence on society and elicit a conflicting response from the public. Crimes of the less powerful, by contrast, have a high visibility, a direct influence on individuals and provoke a response of agreement from the public.The myth that all crimes were committed by members of the lower socio-economic classes was expounded by Sutherland (1949, in Muncie, 1996) who showed that more significantly, members of the higher socio-economic classes were likely to be involved in crimes notably worth practically more than all robberies, acts of theft and thefts put together. In 1965, the FBI approximated that $284 million were lost in burglaries, compared to the staggering $9 billion the most affluent percentage of American people defrauded from the tax location the same year. (Pearce, 1976, in Muncie, 1996)Societys attitude towards ordinary crimes as opposed to corporate crimes are often polarised for the following reasons. Ordinary crimes such as burglary, vandalism, rape and murder are often committed by members of the lower socio economic classes and typically have an easily identifiable perpetrator and victim. (Sutherland, 1949/67 in Hughes et al, 1996). These thoroughfare crimes are highly personalised, close to home and are often accompanied b y high media coverage If it bleeds it leads. The shocking nature of these crimes grab our charge and we feel a personal hostility to the perpetrators compounded with a sense of empathy for the victims. (Nelken, 1997, in Hughes et al, 1996)It is easy to understand who has been mugged, raped or murdered and these days street crime even has a face, ..societys perception of the perpetrators of street crime are conceptualised as a poor, young man belonging to an ethnic minority. (Reiman, 1998)The conceptualised corporate criminal is more likely to be perceived as a trustworthy, legitimate role model for society and whilst society does see corporate crime to be deemed a crime, it is not seen to be as important as street crime. Moreover, the nature of this type of crime can also add together itself to complexity and a lack of understanding. With its possible global connections, corporate crime can often seem rather remote and distanced from societys routine occurrences. (Hughes, et a l 1996)Corporate crimes, more often committed by older, affluent, white members ofthe higher socio economic classes, are by the very nature of this crime, very serious to establish from a faceless corporation. Who is to blame and who exactly is the victim? Corporate crime does not have the immediacy of blaring police sirens, the frantic scat for a killer it lacks the blood and violence associated with street crimes. (Levi, 1999, in Hughes, et al 1996) This lack of shock value could perhaps contribute to a similar lack of media coverage. Nelken observes that There is a great ambivalence surrounding the nature of white collar and corporation crime, not only does the state deal differently with white collar criminals and ordinary criminals, but there is also a marked difference in the public attitudes towards them. (Nelken, 1997, cited in Hughes, et al 1996. p.241)There are many reasons why this type of crime often goes unreported. Clearly the media cannot report on all crime, there fore reporters tend to choose the most newsworthy stories. Studies have shown (Bailey & Hale, 1998 Surette, 1998) that lashing crimes are typically over represented and exaggerated in the media. Young observed that newspapers select events which are atypical, present them in a stereotypical excogitate and contrast them against a backcloth of normality which is overtypical. (Young, 1974, cited in Muncie, 1996. p.45) Indeed, in the highly publicised case of the ordinary crimes of Fred West, the press, calling for even more publicity to an already saturated story, persuaded the police to be photographed carrying out an empty box, the public assuming it contained the remains of his victims. (Hughes, et al 1996)In contrast, white collar crimes receive a much lower public profile. Corporate crimes do not seem to fit societys stereotype of a common criminal. Indeed, many large corporations waiting a positive and trustworthy image, for example Bill Gates of Microsoft, has had to respond to charges of antitrust violations.There would also appear to be a general indisposition on the part of whistle-blowers to report corporate crimes. One reason could be their subsequent treatment afterwards, loss of face or job, coupled with possible lawcourt repercussions. The European Commissions former chief accountant MartaAndreasen, (see www.bbc.co.uk) fired two years after she was suspended for disloyalty and breach of trust. claimed there were holes in the EU budget system. It would appear that the daunting task of standing against a very powerful corporation or leader is some judgment of convictions enough for the problem to appear less crucial.Corporate crimes, by their nature are highly specialised, involving legal jargon and typically too complex for the general public to understand. As they are executedby members of the upper socio classes, they often involve high level intelligence, skill and knowledge. Major fraud, embezzlement etc can involve many individuals, have link up to other corporations, use global connections and take place over many years. (Hughes, et al 1996)In addition to the under representation in the media, there appears to be a low visibility even within the private domain of the corporation itself, permitting these crimes to remain undiscovered. The very complexity of fraud, embezzlement and insider trading lends itself to confusion and disinterest. In fact, many employees involved in the Guinness attempt to take over Distillers did not realise that fraudulent activity was taking place, leaving the general public none the wiser.. (Hughes, et al 1996)These crimes are typically hidden in the private sphere and require expert investigators to expose these frauds. They are not subject to the public spirit and therefore do not have the familiar day to day interest that street crimes do.A further reason for corporate crimes to remain undetected could be a possible presidency involvement. The 1993 Arms for Iraq incident was only disclosed after a long awaited public inquiry, (see www.trytolive.com) The publication of the report by High Court judge Sir Richard Scott, revealed that Margaret Thatchers government in the 1980s, followed by John Majors in the 1990s, covertly approved coat of arms sales to Saddam Hussein. The report revealed that the origins of the scandal are in the 1980s arms-export driveby Thatcher. Mark Thatcher earned himself an estimated $160 million in commissions as an unofficial salesman in the process, including up to $40 million from a single deal with Saudi Arabia. Suffice to say that Majors Conservative government survived the February 26 House of Commons debate on Scott by a single vote, thereby escaping punishment.Disappearance is another means of evading justice. In May 1993, Asil nadir did just that after some 0 million disappeared from the Polly Peck company. Perhaps he had followed Robert Maxwells cue who died under suspicious circumstances in 1991, after it was revealed that he had defrauded 0 million from his employees pensions. (Muncie, 1996) The very apathy that surrounds corporate crime is also to blame, compounded with a general lack of policing for corporate violations. In 1985 only 538 from a force of 120,00 were designated to the Fraud Squad, reflecting societies perception of the severity of corporate crime. (Hughes, et al 1996)Once caught, perpetrators typically receive minimal sentences for their crimes. In 1993, the Australian cover Refinery pipeline spilled 10 tonnes of oil into Botany Bay for the fifth time in seven years. They were fined $300. (see www.aic.gov.au) There is also a difficulty in establishing who is to blame. both(prenominal) the tragedies of the Herald of Free Enterprise and the Marchioness disasters had prosecutions brought by authorities and the families but no charges were imposed and the only liable perpetrators were deemed to be the cabin crews at the time (lower socio-economic class) and not the owners (higher socio -economic class). (Hughes, et al 1996)Society appears to accept that at the very heart of successful businesses is the buy it cheap, sell it dear culture. With this is mind, the general consumer is defrauded every time he makes a purchase but this is not seen as criminal, simply good marketing. This accepted culture, from the outset, lends itself immediately to transactions of a deceitful and fraudulent nature. For society to so understand that specific actions, when deemed a violation of certain laws, are to be deemed illegal must certainly cause confusion.In point of fact, not all corporate crimes come under the criminal justice jurisdiction. There is an emphasis for the various regulatory agencies to prove malign intent (mens rea) and this has shown to be difficult, particularly when traffic with corporations and not individuals. As a large number of corporate crimes are deemed to be regulatory offences, they are not prone to the same methods of prosecution as are ordinary crim es. (Hughes, et al 1996) Very often, these corporations have self regulating bodies for which, research has shown, inspectors for these bodies regard their duties as advisory rather than policing (Hutter, 1998, in Hughes, et al 1996) which can lead to an ethos of complacency at the very least. These corporations fiercely appose outside influence and there is a reluctance on the part of the agencies to interfere with private business practice. (Clarke, 1990a, in Hughes, et al 1996)The problem of global policing and prosecuting corporate crimes is finally being addressed, with George W Bush (see www.rtmark.com) setting in motion a series of new statutes aimed to view these crimes in a similar way as ordinary crimes, in that corporations take on a human form. While some experts dispute whether corporations can actually become human beings, most agree that punishing corporations for the crimes they commit will at the very least have a positive effect on the market. (Bush, 2000) Corpora tions can then be prosecuted and subject to the same punishments within the criminal justice system as would an individual.Corporations would be hit where it hurt them most, financially. Bush has outlined a two tier system for misdemeanours and felonies. Punishment would range from short or long term share confiscation, dividends to be used to provide health care to victims to a negligent homicide charge in which shareholders are subject to a prison term, the length of which is dependant on the amount of shares they hold and the severity of the crime. Bush has recognised that leaving corporations subject to regulatory agencies is not ideal. We must remove the burden for controlling corporations from big government, from regulation and fines, and place it squarely on the judiciary, (Bush, 2000) Thus bringing corporate crimes full circle and in line with crimes of an ordinary nature.ConclusionIt is clear that the human cost of corporate crime is very real to the individual, whether i t be financial loss, environmental damage, injury or loss of human life. The need for recompense and the recognition of a moral responsibility needs to be expected by society, not dumbed down because of the criminal being a corporation and not an individual. The act is no less personal and no less criminalReferencesAndreasen, M. 2002, sourced in http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3742148.stm accessed on 20/03/05Bailey, F & Hale, D. 1998. Popular Crime Culture and Justice. Belmont CA, West/WadsworthBush, G W,. 2000. sourced in http//www.rtmark.com/bushprcorpcrime.html accessed on 21.03.05Box, S. 1983. in Muncie, J. 1996. The Construction and Deconstruction of Crime p. 9-44 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. keen-witted PublicationsChambliss, WJ. 1989. ibidDitton, J. 1997. ibidClarke, 1990a, in Hughes, G. with Langan, M. 1996. Good or Bad trading? Exploring Corporate and Organised Crime p.240-273 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage PublicationsHughes, G. with Langan, M. 1996. Good or Bad Business? Exploring Corporateand Organised Crime p.240-273 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage PublicationsHutter, B. 1998 ibidLevi, M. 1999 ibidMuncie, J. 1996. The Construction and Deconstruction of Crime p. 9-44 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage PublicationsNelken, D. 1997 in Hughes, G. with Langan, M. 1996. Good or Bad Business? Exploring Corporate and Organised Crime p.240-273 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage PublicationsPearce, 1976Reiman, J. 1998. The Rich Get Richer and The Poor Get Prison. capital of Massachusetts PressSurette, R. 1998. Media Crime and Criminal Justice Image and Realities. Belmont CA, West/WadsworthSutherland, E. 1949, in Muncie, J. 1996. The Construction and Deconstruction of Crime p. 9-44 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage PublicationsYoung, J. 1 992. ibidFurther sourcesAustralian Institute of Criminology http//www.aic.gov.au accessed 18.03.05Arms to Iraq http//www.trytolive.com/cor332.htm accessed 19.03.05

Othello’s character Essay

Shakespeares character, Othello, was certainly a believable character. Although he was a man who was a leader, of high military/social standing, he was still just a man. Perhaps when one holds such a high standing within a community or nation, their followers/admirers tend to stymy that they are, just as we all are, only human. Othellos mistake was that he unknowingly allowed himself to be influenced by Iago. Manipulation is a very powerful tool, especially if used by someone who has taken the m to study the human mind. With manipulation comes distrust, doubt, insecurity, and perhaps even fear. Othello was manipulated beyond his ability to recognize what Iagos curriculum was. His love for Desdemona, jealousy and insecurities most likely clouded his ability to percieve what was really going on and as a result he not only committed the tragical sin of murdering his true love, that also committed the ultimate sin of self-destruction.Although the saga of Othello was written long ag o, the similarities of its misadventures are very similar to those of at onces society. How many of us have been truly duped by someone that we have put our have intercourse faith and trust in? How like the people of now to be fueled by jealousy and rage their normally crystal clear outlook could turn to complete and utter despairingly greyness? What would it take to turn the complete love and devotion of a husband into a murderous oddish toward the one person that he has pledged to love for all of eternity? How sad that Iagos utmost(a) jealously could target and destroy something as pure and beautiful as the love Othello had for Desdemona. It is quiet tragic that such jealousy could destroy such a great and powerful military leader.It seemed for as more than as Othello loved his wife, she was in fact his Achilles heel. I cannot imagine the sickening horror that Desdemona felt when she cognize that there was no defending herself from the tiny, poisonous seed planted by Iago. There was no defending team in the eyes of Othello as his wife paid the ultimate price. I wonder how many relationships today have fallen victim to tragedy because of a well-placed comment of doubt or shadow on ones character. In todays extreme number of murder and divorce, I find that Othello and his terrible story are quite believable.

Impact of Technology on the Work-Life Balance Essay

Technology has done a lot for sympathetic beings. Without the development in engineering science it is possible that the pyramids would never oblige been built and neither would we be adapted to communicate with each other from remote places all over the world. Some say that these technological advances such(prenominal) as the internet and cellular phones atomic number 18 a boon on society and humankind but there are in any case those detractors who say that it is has not simplified life in so very much as it has complicated matters.While we enjoy everything that technology has to offer, it cannot be argued that there are cadences that we are more than than than inconvenienced by it. There are times when one would rather turn his or her cellular phone off so that they can relax more and take it easy. There are too times when they wish they had battery power on their technological devices so that they can work more or accomplish more. The problem it seems is that as techn ology becomes more advanced and incorporates itself more in the nonchalant lives of bulk it becomes more difficult to escape from it.The biggest difficulty nowadays is actually turning that piece of technology off without fearing that doing so will leave a psyche uninformed or make him expression so isolated and left out of this world which is moving at a very rapid pace. It is commonplace to see a person check his computer (either desktop or laptop) every a couple of(prenominal) minutes or so just to make sure that they read the email as concisely as it comes in. People bring their work with them almost everywhere they go these days.Work is no hourlong limited to the confines of a cubicle or an office but can now be performed virtually anywhere thanks to the technological advances that have enabled the invention of portable workstations such as blackberries, laptops and cellular phones. The introduction of teleconferencing has made travel to meetings all but obsolete and th e push for more digital convergence has made it possible for people to work from their homes.The proper characterization of this phenomenon is not increasing prole productivity, as it is claimed, but rather invasion of privacy. There is no longer any place that is inviolable from the summons from work or the orders of a superior. Virtually every place on this planet allows people to perform work at any time and from any location. This means that since the day has still remained at 24 hours, unless(prenominal) scientists have found a way to alter that, and the more that time is devoted to work, the less time on that 24 hour clock is left for privacy and relaxation.Even certain studies have shown that the work hours have dramatically increased from the levels that it was at previously. More and more people put in longer hours with each technological breakthrough that is introduced. It has been argued that this is a good thing because people make more money and more money means happi er people. While there is no arguing the fact that more money does make people happy, in general, the devices that have been invented to allow the generation of higher incomes has also minify the time left to spend that hard earned money.The extra income that is generated by these devices now seems so insignificant and useless since it cannot be spent due to the lack of time to do so. Another problem is also the cost of worker burn out. While productivity is theoretically increased per worker, the added stress and workload that is given over per worker leads to a faster deterioration of the human resource and means that in the long incite the potential productivity gains are actually nullified by the deterioration of human capital.All of these time saving devices which claim to increase productivity were invented for a simple reason, to decrease work time. They were not unfeignedly invented to free time up for other work but were envisioned to allow a person to do more with les s. We should learn to keep it that way, be happy with doing more with less and do not fret about doing more with more.

Analyse the work of Louis MacNeice, entitled, The sunlight on the garden

In this essay, I shall analyse the work of Louis MacNeice, entitled, The fair weather on the garden. It is a modern verse that offers a self-reflexive commentary on life and its key elements. In similarity to the traditional epic verse, the poem is an expression of the vocalisers particular personalities and motives. I intend to explore these twain subjects in great detail in my essay. According to the Oxford English dictionary, a poetic analysis is the process, or detailed examination of studying a poem o determine its nature, structure, or essential features. This is a common practice used by both reader and critic in the reading of prose and verse and I will adopt this technique in my essay. MacNeices poem from the thirties transcribes the period of great rigourousness in the Western World, as well as the vocalizers self-hardship of love and stopping point. The Wall Street Crash in 1929 started a worldwide economic depression that lasted for much of the decade and indust ries such as steel, ship-building and coal archeological site suffered.More over, unemployment in Britain so ard which left a hollowed and pessimistic outlook on life. This had a strong impact upon poesy of the age, this particular poem illuminating the confusions and irresolvable issues of the common man. at that place are many social and political events that influenced MacNeices work, the graduation exercise World War creation the most significant. Though the event took place decades before the poets publication, there are strong elements of futility, death and decay in his language.The line, we are dying, Egypt, dying in particular, is reflective of the dreary society that both the poet and the people lived through. The poets reference to the Shakespearian tragedy suggests that the speaker or even MacNeice himself suffered from heartache or loss. The line, treated heart expands this idea, revealing a meta-level of vulnerability and self-consciousness of both the poem and i ts writer. Moreover, MacNeices use of the pronoun we rather than, I highlights that this is a communal suffering, a contrast to the typical self-infliction of epic poems.There is great handling as to the traditions of the poem, MacNeices experiments with classic cadence and hoarfrost making the poem difficult to follow. The partial-serpentine rhymes, minute within it for example, are demonstrative of his varying rhyme intrigue and poetic technique. However there are evident poetic qualities which suggest that he is compose in the style of lyric-epic poets. Firstly, the poems occasion is focused on the past rather than the present-self. The line, but glad to confound sat ith you emphasises the speakers preoccupation with past events and his constant struggle with time and death.Furthermore, the narration of events (combined with the speakers emotional and reflective self-expression), creates an personal identity of the lyric self that is not found in the traditional epic. The speakers constant preoccupation of the self and of death is a strong characteristic of elegiac poetry. Moreover, instead of using the typical third person panorama found in Greek epic poetry, MacNeice uses, we and you, typical of the lyric-epics of the time.Perhaps the poet, like other modernist writers, aspired to move apart from the traditional epic layout and create a more modernised work as this was a fashionable movement in the early twentieth century. The poet Wordsworth, for example, experimented with new styles and verse pees to re-invent and modernise the lyric. Having identified the poetic form and tradition, I am now going to analyse the language in MacNeices work. The use of buildry in all forms of poetry is a common technique used to draw the reader into poetic experiences, originally through the senses.This is a characteristic in, The Sunlight on the garden, where the works title immediately evokes a simple image of beauty, nature and hope. The branch line howev er, immediately transposes ones expectations as MacNeices speaker descends into a metaphysical state of suffering, cheer hardens and grows c doddering. Moreover, the imagery of Egypt dying also reveals the somewhat macabre state of his vision absent in love, emotion and feeling, fit(p) in heart.MacNeices vivid poetic imagery such as the line, nets of gold, arouses our senses and evokes the speakers pure and simple vision. Furthermore, the imagery of, birds and flying supplicant to not only our sense of sight but also to the speakers hope for freedom. However, on a meta-level, again our understanding is transposed as the imagery of Cage and net enforces not freedom but a sensation of being trapped and confined in ones self. In addition to imagery, other dominant characteristic of MacNeices poem is rhyme.The riming scheme follows the same pattern (ABCBBA) in each stanza. The partial-serpentine rhyme of the poem acts as an enjambment, the syllabic measuring rod from the previo us line being carried to the next. This is again similar to the continuity of time and death that the poet discusses. The enjambment of the rootage line in the poem follows a rhyming enunciate which then follows another(prenominal) rhyming word (garden hardens cold). In doing so, the unavoidable continuity of time and fate is highlighted.Moreover, the confusion of poetic forms and rhyme scheme add to the futility and the speakers lack of power or control. The use of alliteration cannot cage emphasises the futility of ones attempts to stop time. Again the speakers self-consciousness is undecided by the poet as he ultimately fails in this, the line, we cannot beg emphasising his vulnerability of self. The disjointed and reckless rhyme scheme, as well as the varied pentameter, trochaic and heptameter, sound more fluid when spoken orally to an audience.MacNeice continues this old tradition of verbal poetry and in doing so, the beauty of the poem overcomes the confusion of the poetic form, acting as a work of art for both the eyes and ears. Now that I have analysed rhyme and rhythm, I am going to look at the drive of the poem and the issues the poet raises. One of the fundamentals purposes of the poem that presents itself is that the speaker has a constant preoccupation with love and regret. The line, our freedom advances towards its end is suggestive of a strong nostalgia and pessimism in the speaker.This is a self-consciousness that he readily admits to his audience, perhaps something that he could not have done through another medium. There is also a strong debate upon reading the poem that he could be talk of the town to his lover. The sentiments in the last stanza, glad to have sat with you and, hardened in heart imply that the poems purpose is a written expression of his feelings towards her, a romantic perspective on the traditional lyric-epic. However, the most prominent purpose for MacNeices work is that the poem is the speakers farewell to his loved ones.The line, we shall have no time for dances coupled with the endless discussion of time and indeed death, infers that life, indeed his life is running out and no matter how many a net of gold he uses, one cannot prevent it. Having analysed the purpose of the poem, I am now going to let out the signification of the poem on primarily the reader and the effects on society itself. At first glance, there is little political reference in the poem, something that one would not have expected, particularly at a time of economic turmoil and war. However there is a strong implication on our philosophical understanding of love, life and fate.The phrase we cannot cage the minute, for example, highlights the delicacy and futility of time that not even the speaker can stop or control. This in turn, highlights the vulnerability and weakness of man who has no control over fate, despite the nets of gold. This weakness of man represents a nation under threat with the foreboding threat of another war, and the future economic difficulties in the thirties. There might also be a political implication in the line, We cannot beg for pardon, relating in my mind to the horrors and mistakes made in the first word war.In conclusion, the poem, The sunlight on the garden written by Louis MacNeice, is a typical lyric-epic poem focused around love, loss and time. There are many other themes (the speakers gender for example) and aspects the poems structure that I could have looked at in greater detail, rather than focusing solely on imagery and rhyme. The poem educates us about the importance of time and the growing shift occurring in epic poetry, a movement which MacNeice evidently took part in and which in turn affected the evolution of poetry in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

Motorcycle & Sweetgrass Journal

Journal 2 Motorcycle & Sweetgrass brought up two major struggles at the very(prenominal) end of the novel. The first mesh was based on a battle between sewer and the raccoons (Person vs. Nature) stern was in the forest having a talk with the raccoons and giving them food. The raccoons were all surrounded around the bushes, resemble in ready to have a fight with the Nanabush. The animals reproached John and he was so furious. The clash with the raccoons shows the mysterious unsung relationship between them.John even wanted them to disappear, he burnt the forest and the creatures began to melt into the forest background. This conflict appeared the wicked and wild behaviour of the spiritual creature. The second conflict was the combat between John and Wayne. (Person vs. Person) A cousin of Virgil, Dakota, was missing and Virgil believed she went to find John for a talk. He was worried about Dakota since John was a Nanabush, she might fall into trouble. Soon or later, Virgil and Way ne went to find John and to see if Dakota was with him or not.Meanwhile, they witnessed the fight of the raccoons and the Nanabush. Wayne was noble that the Nanabush would hurt Dakota and everyone in the community and he was dangerous, so, he decided to have a fight with the creature. Wayne sully his motorcycle and they started their battle. He was injured so seriously, the Nanabush even threw a raccoon towards his face. Of course, John won the battle. This conflict was the most incredible part of the novel, the writer portrayed every scene of their fight and it showed the courage and assertion of this citation.The first significant abduce of the novel was (1) Who is this man? Nobody in his family was cool enough to jockey this guy like this, Virgil thought (p. 47). This was the situation when the sinlessness man, John, came to the Otter Lake and visited Virgils grandmother, Lillian. John was white and he was disparate from everyone of them in the community. The writer descr ibed the word, cool as the character of the white man. This compared the differences of the white community and the aborigine community.The native community was more old fashioned and traditional, but the white community was more modern. This excerpt shows that the natives believed they had a lower status by comparing the whites. The two communities couldnt be connected together. John was a symbol of the white man attacking the native community, it was hard to believe that a white man could have a close relationship with a native woman. This quote showed a stalk of an interracial relationship. The second quote of this novel was (2)He was terpsichore He was a blur of faecal matter one minute, and almost still the next.At times John was silhouetted against the almost full moon. Virgil was mesmerized. This wasnt any slip of dancing hed seen on television, or at powwows. It had an ancient, tribal quality, and yet at the equivalent time, a modern, innovative style. And just about everything in between. (p. 130) In this quote, the writer described the unique character of John. He was not only a normal white man, but a man dancing in a strange style. I believed the writer would like to use this as implying the readers that John was not a normal human, but a Nanabush.He used different abnormal behavior and actions of him as well as his style of dancing, ancient and modern, to let the readers predict the character of John. The writer illustrates the creepiness of John, on how perilous he would affect on Maggie and the whole Otter Lake community. The last quote of this novel was (3) Dakota might be in trouble, thought Virgil. With John, since nobody really knew his game, that was a strong possibility. Virgil weighed his options and decided Dakotas situation was the most important. (p. 85) When Virgil discover Dakota, his cousin, was lost, he knew the most important thing for him to do was to find his cousin, not to go to school. Although skipping classes was not a good example, he knew that finding his cousin is more important. The writer depicted the matured attitude of Virgil. At the beginning of the story, he was a rebellious kid who always skipped classes, however, after the arrival of John, he started to turn a grown up child. I believed John is a symbol to Virgils maturity and this quote showed a theme of growth and self discovery.

Necessity is the mother of invention Essay

IntroductionrationaleThis look topic urgency is the m early(a) of imposture. Evaluate this statement in relation to scientific and proficient experiment. was chosen for studying in the vault of heaven of informatics study. However, the query topic was come outed to be in the philosophic boundary to understand the basic privation of engineering more(prenominal) than the informatics subject, which deals with creating and developing of estimator study. So that this topic admited noncurrent experience and historical background to be mensurated, but didnt need much in education background beca subroutine the topic wasnt related to the theory or preconditioninology of figurer study. The topic in this ara was re altogethery interested for future study beca determination it could suspensors in arrest and forecasting the need of society need when developing or creating b be-ass engineering or machinations which go forth to the supremacy in ancestry. These atomic crook 18 the concomitant of this chosen topic.The analysis of the seek topicThe look ch solelyenge is Necessity is the m different of plan. Evaluate this statement in relation to scientific and technological experimentation. The recognise words that signal the content of the straits argon Necessity is the mformer(a) of aim. The relationship of this question is to show the relation between indispensableness and invention that sine qua non is the ca employment of the invention or not. The fatality of the question is to prove the relationship between unavoidableness and invention by evaluates the statement fit in to scientific and technological experiment. The proposes of the thesis atomic number 18 to show that to what extent does necessity be the m other(a) of invention and to evaluate according to scientific and technological experimentation. Three domain of a functions were analyzed during the study.These three field of honors, which are communication, persevera nce, and medicine, were trampvas in the ambit that involve in scientific and technological experimentation. The communication was studied to understand its necessity and invention of the present. The industry was studied to analyze the situation of necessity in the economical argument,which escape to the exercising of invention. The medicine was studied to show why it is very necessary to human life and what are the alternative inventions that come after. So all evidences were collected to support the thesis of the research question and its purposes that the study defends an argument on the proving of the necessity that lead to the invention. The diagram on the next page shows the structure of the analysis of the research topic.Data solicitationThe Research MethodThe research was carried out in three steps. The first step was to understand the research topic by searching for definition, background history, and general tuition from the source books and journal holds. Then all the information was evaluated to find out which scene of actions are mostly involved in the research topic and range, which is the scientific and technological experimentation. The second step was the collection of data to find the relevant information. The information was analyzed according to the relevancy to the research theatre, the objectivity of the author, and the period spent on collecting of the data. Then third step, the demarcation line of the information give be analysis on the certain aspects of the topic areas of the scientific and technological experimentation. Therefore, the research will focus all the necessity and invention in the areas of scientific and technological experimentation. Most of the sources that office in the research were some kinds of business and social case study such as dissected palate case in the medicine study(singer and Bergth senior, 2001, pp.2161-2230).Annotated BibliographyCotterell, A. (1988). An every dedicate construe of resear ch and co-operation in advanced information technology. In A. Cotterell, Advanced Information Technology in the unseasoned Industrial Society (pp.1-27). New York Oxford University Press.Written for ingenious manager who involve in information technology that want to find out which technologies are matched for their businessarea. This chapter describe approximately new technologies that involves in industry and focus on future technology. The improvements of communication and computer storage are apply to compare in industry area to exc workout how necessity are they. Also, this chapter explains the technical musical arrangement in new technology to shown that new technologies vex invented new ideas in the industry.Fuglsang L. (1993). The yielding information technologies and its critics the risk of wild policy making in science and technology. In L. Fuglsang, Technology and New Institution (pp.54-96). Denmark Copenhagen.Written for computer managers that involve in informati on system research and nurture of technology in future research. These chapter foc utilizations on what invention creates by the risks which cause when new science and technology are emerging while old are crisis. The history of technology over 50 years is apply to prove that risks cause necessity to create invention of new technology.Hall, B.J. (2000). Use of the pulmonary arterial blood vessel catheter in critically ill patients Was invention the mother of necessity? Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(19), 2577-2578.This bind has been create verbally for doctor and hospital that involve in surgery area. This article discusses two studies regarding the use of pulmonary artery catheters in critically ill patients and the process of its future evaluation. The use of pulmonary artery catheters is necessary for the checkups and surgical intensive units (ICUs). It fosters to manage critically ill patients.singer, S., & Bergthold L. (2001). Cosmetic vs. reconstructiv e surgery for gap palate A window into medical exam exam necessity debate. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(17), 2162-2203.This article has been written for doctor in plastic surgery and people who interest in augmentative surgery. Medical necessity is a term that utilise in most commercial wellness plan to create invention. This article is focus about plastic surgery for a pass palate, and the debate about whether the surgery is cosmetic or reconstructive. plainly because of medical necessity can mean polar things to different people and organization, so it could be twain general heart.Stewart, J. (1992). Technological modification and industrial office. In J. Stewart, The Management of Science and Technology (pp.110-192). Denmark The Australian home(a) University.This book has been written for educator and manager that involve in information technology and works on the productive area of research. This chapter focus on Just-in-Time system, which is the new industry system that create by the competition in the world economic. Because of competition in the market industrial coronation, the Just-in-Time system is used to because it is necessary to program line cost and plus profit.Tate, A. N., Clayton B.S. & Gourley K.G. (2001). Development and implementation of a managed care rotation in medical necessity review Exposing students to new opportunities. Journal of American Pharmaceutical Education, 65(3), 261-307.The purpose of this journal is for fourth-year PHD students to design a rotation in managed care through medical necessity review. The rotation involved working with the Tennessee de component partment of Healths TennCare Appeals Units. It shows how the impact of pharmacists can have on patients lives. They assure by using professed(prenominal) development experience to show the advantage of utilizing pharmacists.The Literature ReviewThe five articles that are reviewed focus mainly on scientific and technological expe riments, which separate into three major areas. These three areas are communication, industry, and medicine. The writers s attitude toward the study of information technology and science, which areused in society, raised a very flesh out discussion and neatly analysis on the proving of necessity as mother of invention. The sub-topics in each area contain eventful information involve in necessity of two individual and social occlusions of view. proof is admitd completely from all sources and can accurately be used to prove that necessity is the mother of invention as reasons and evidences. The purpose of the review is to make a understandably analysis on these six articles toward similarities and differences in their areas.The first article, an overview of research and co-operation in advanced information technology by Arthur Cotterell, mostly represents in the area of communication. In this article, he discusses that the communication is important to the future of society. Co tterell compares the different between old and new mediums of communication, which lead to the social necessity. He explained the medium clearly in details and supported by using a city named Swin beginner (Cotterell, 1988, p.26), which wildly use fiber oculus (medium) as his evidence. The thriving of the fiber optic is recessed up to prove his documents. In the second article by Jenny Stewart, Technological change and industrial location, represents in industry area, which focus mainly in competition in market industry investment and scarcity of natural resource for industrial manufacturing. She masterminds and explains the aftermath of competition and scarcity lead to the change of new system.The Just-In-Time (JIT) system, which is a new information system, is used to compare how efficiency it is with the old system. This system is the very successful system that helps reduce and eliminate cost, waste, and speed in production. She analyse automotive industry in Australia, whic h success in this system, as her evidence. The smaller, more technological advanced players, and accurate in the industry is the main nous of the invention in this article. The third article, which is written by Fuglsang, in the article, he chates the gist specifically of how and why invention is created (Fuglsang, 1993, pp.54-96). The main point of his article is to show that when the time is running and population is increasing, they cause the old invention to rick crisis and it is necessary to invent something new to replace the old. This article can be used as theory and reason to explain and clearly support all three areas of communication, industry, andmedicine.The phases of invention development are used to show the steps of scientific and technological improvement. In each phase provide the evidence of the development of invention clearly since ancient fifty years when a manual turning-machine was created to the impulsive machine are used. He in any case supports his evidence by using the development of American technology. He mentions that the growing covering of new technologies in society creates a need, so it is very important to studies more about technology network in political process. The forth article written by Sara utterer and Linda Bergthold, they mainly represents in the area of medicine. This article focuses on medical necessity by compare the different between cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery. They support the document that medical necessity in the area of surgery is really necessity by using health plans (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, p.2162). This health plans is medical necessity hackneyed that use permanently all over the world. They also comment generally that social viewing among medical necessity in surgery is also included in some case.The case of a crack cocaine palate patient is used to analysis and discusses the different between cosmetic and reconstructive case. Then they moot and support that medical ne cessity determinations involving the condition that proven to be especially problematic not self-desirable. The twenty percent article written by Jesse B. Hall, Use of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients Was invention the mother of necessity? the article show that pulmonary artery catheters is necessary to most patients that involve in heart, lung, and blood problems. He analysed this technology from 10217 patients in 34 medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) in 1998. According to Hall, the pulmonary artery is used in the case that no medicine can used to cure the sickness. He suggests that this invention still has high risk, so this is very necessary to improve this invention to help critically ill patients and the process of its future evaluation.All issues in five sources, which written by Arthur Cotterell, Jenny Stewart, Fuglsang, Jesse B. Hall and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, are considered very important to show the audience the historical a nd accredited significance of continuity about necessity as mother of invention in the term of scientific and technological experiment. This is because when the oldinvention is considered as the necessity for the future improvement, the continuing improvement to the new invention will be created. Arthur Cotterell writes about the use of communication medium during the retiring(a) 10 years until the use of new medium like a shot (Cotterell, 1988, p.26). His examples of twisted pair and fiber optic cable show the fact that the why the addition of performance of new medium are used by the change in society. It shows the audience clearly the distance between time in the past and present of social necessity. This article also talks about the rapidly increases of necessity which lead to the improvement of new medium in the future continuously. In the issue of Jenny Stewart and Fuglsang have the similar area in the industry that also express the same meaning of need in the industry. Je nny Stewart shows the change in industry system by using automotive industry in Australia since 1990 (Stewart, 1992, p.124).Fuglsang shows the rationalization phase (Fuglsang, 1993, p.56), which is one of 4, phases in technological invention development. This phase analyses from the past 50 years of the development. Both Jenny Stewart and Fuglsangs article shows the change in the industry, which involves in commercial interests and competition. This article helps to show the affair between competition and tutorial in the industry, which leads to the use of the new invention. In the rest of the issues from Jesse B. Hall, and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold are involved in medicine area that involve in the surgery. Jesse B. Hall talks about the ensue of the use of pulmonary artery catheter (Hall, 2000, pp.2577-2578). This force shows the need of cosmetic surgery among the people who have problem of the natural disable of the body and also explain the use of the invention to help d issolve the problem.Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold article also help to shows that since from the past the meaning of medical necessity is mean only reconstruction to the normal state of patients. Both issues from Jesse B. Hall, and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold come form the different medical case but they have similar thesis, which are medical necessity that lead to the invention of new medical invention. All the writers come from the different areas but they have the same meaning of their issues that the continuing of the time lead to the increase of need of invention in both new and improvement. So that their issues are strongly support the statement that necessity creates the invention in the part of science and technological experimentation.There are three articles which surely are the objective of the writers when they present research their research results and evidence to support their arguments because these articles provide complete information and details of the docum ent. The first article, which is objective, by Arthur Cotterell supports and expresses the meaning of his argument clearly by using the complete examples and information of communication mediums (Cotterell, 1988, pp.1-27). He shows the detail number of capacity, speed, range, and material made in each medium sample clearly. He also compares the different in each medium by mathematical calculation. This helps audience to easily understand the different even technological term. The second article, which is objective, from Fuglsang is objective because he has the acknow takegment from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States (Fuglsang, 1993, pp.54-96). His article and support evidences come from the case studies in Denmark, US, and Sweden. They are emphasis and detail clearly on the fix of culture, organizational choices and institutional concerns through research.The third article, which is objective, from Jenny Stewart is objective because her argument and sources come from the federalism research midriff (Stewart, 1992, pp.110-192). She provides the information clearly in the example of automotive industry in Australia in percentage of profit, time, competitor, and increase of product output. The other two articles from Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, and Jesse B. Hall are not objective because they provide the information too general. It is general because the information they provide is not specific in number of result from the duration in medical treatment. Both of them show only the result from the invention by using only reasons, causes and effects after treatment (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, 2162-2203).This is because most of the article is the summary of the result of the cleft palate research, so that they just mention about the need and future development, which result from the episode of cleft palate surgery. Although they dont provide completely information, the area that they work is in medicine area, which concentrates only the result of necessity. So that their article can express their main ideas easy and clearly understand by using reason, cause, and effect documents. By compare all the articles which each others, the information that provided by the authors are enough to support the necessity ofinvention by using their specific details and information, research, reasons, causes, and effects. Their sources are considered as essential in comparative and explaining the necessity as mother of information in scientific and technological experiment.The sayation of data is clearly in all five sources because all data can be analyse to evaluate the need of the research topic in relation to scientific and technological experiment easily. The relationship between the necessity and the invention is linked in clearly understand. There are three different slipway in their interpretation of data. The first way is correspond by the article of Arthur Cotterell. He interprets his information by explain the det ail of old communication medium and new communication medium in technical term and estimated calculation of speed, capacity, and range. For example, he explains that twisted-pair could carry 10Khz but if compare with fiber optic (Cotterell, 1988, p.26), fiber optic is sudden than twisted-pair million times. He also clarifies the use of fiber optic that it uses in linking between two or more networks and twisted-pair uses in local phone line. The second way is represented by Fuglsang and Jenny Stewart.They interpret their sources by using the result of the time in the industrial development. They show the change and need since from the past and result of it in the present. The time between standardization and rationalization is used by the author to show the relation of the improvement of the invention from first creation to the first development (Fuglsang, 1993, 56-56). The third way is represented by Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, and Jesse B. Hall. They interpret their sources by using the result of their information, which is the specific in medication. They summarize the result of medication from the patient and use it to support their argument. The research result of the patient in a cleft palate case is used to analysis the term of medical necessity in the surgery area of medicine.The result after the surgery is used to compare that the surgery is reconstructive surgery not cosmetic surgery. In comparison of all the writers, they interpret all data clearly. All the data are set-apart into three areas, which Arthur Cotterell is in communication area, Fuglsang and Jenny Stewart are in Industry area, and Singer S. and Linda Bergthold, and Hall are in medicine area. There interpretation of data can support each others and express their cause in analyse that necessity as mother of invention clearly.There are three articles that are conducted the research thoroughly in order to prove the points by the writers. The complete research could help the claim of research topic to become more strong and reliable without being tax return by other argument. Arthur Cotterell, Singer S. and Linda Bergthold, and Jenny Stewart are the writers who do their research thoroughly. Arthur Cotterell researches neatly on the information system research, which express all the meaning, material used, quality, and performance of each medium between communications clearly (Cotterell, 1988, p.15-27). He use a city name Swindon to do his research. This city is widely use in fiber optic and coaxial cable to link between communication which mean that it is a very efficiency sources to use on communication research. Singer S. and Linda Bergthold research on the medical necessity on surgery course. They use a patient who was born with cleft palate problem as their research (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, pp.2162-2180). They clearly research on the result before and after that patient take the surgery.They also research on the health plan of the medical standard and a nalyse it with medical theory as the reconstructive medication. Jenny Stewart researches on the Australia industry. She finds out that the reasons of necessity in industry come from the competition, which lead to the need of more flexible, fast, and efficiency technology(Stewart, 1992, p.124-192). This led her to find out the new system, Just-in-Time system, and research it on the Australia automotive industry. She has the result of how efficiency and profitability it is. The other sources from Fuglsang and Jesse B. Hall are not researched thoroughly because they get the information from general source directly without richly detail.Fuglsang picks up the history to speak to support the argument but the detail on his ghost seem not clear on details and analysis. From Arthur Cotterell, Singer S., and Linda Bergthold, and Jenny Stewart research, they are very to understand their point of view from their research and directly connect audience to the understanding. The clearly details and information of their research link their ideas to the necessity as mother of invention in the scientific and technological experiment.From five sources, there are four sources that provide practical andrealistic suggestion by the writers. The practical and realistic of suggestion can help the article to become more clear and ease of understanding. First is Jenney Stewart, she suggests that future of the industry necessarily smaller, more technological advanced players, and accuracy (Stewart, 1992, p.125). The writer suggestion shows that her study is very important to the use of technology for the future use. Her suggestion is proved by her comparative of old technology and new technology that show the change of size, quality, quantity, and speed. foster is Arthur Cotterell, he suggested that by the help of computer-aided design would help to avoid a lot of tentative material cutting. The writer suggestion shows that his study is very important for the industry to increase the ir performance of the system. This is very useful in showing the relationship between necessity and invention.Third is Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, they suggest that cosmetic or treatments intended primarily to improve appearance is exclude in medical necessity standard (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, p.2162). The writers suggestions are used for people to understand that the purpose of surgery is different in some case because some case could count as personal desirable such as cosmetic. This shows the relation between medical necessity and invention clearly. They support their suggestion by evaluate the cleft palate in the medical necessity term and health plans.Forth is Fuglsang, he suggests that the growing application of new technologies in society creates a need to assign a more offensive and organized role to technology studies networks in the political process. This suggestion shows that his detail on study is very important for who is interested in technological developme nt. The writer proves his suggestion by evaluate and show the need over past 50 years of the development of information and communication technologies in four phases (Fuglsang, 1993, p.55-58). From all the suggestion of all writers could help the audience to know what are the main interests in on the articles of the writers, which are very useful.There is no surely use of expert assurance from all the writers. They havent pick up any expert opinion but they adapt to use another people and place from other sources as their expert opinion. The expert opinion on the article of Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold is not mentioned clearly. Theyuse the term physician as their expert opinion to help support their argument in consider appropriate medication for a patient, such as treatment intended primarily to improve appearance. As same as Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, Jenny Stewart doesnt use expert opinion but she uses other opinion, Lamming (1998), who is one from her source. Lamming t alks about the industry remaining effectively in stress period. This opinion helps audience understand the best period of industry development.In the article of Fuglsang L., this writer use sloth Andersen and Slavo Radosevic, who are not mention clearly who are they, as the expert opinion. They talk about an macrocosm forum, which help to support the writer about the change of technology during a century so that the view of technological change would be see as the important to the new invention. The rest of the writers do not have any expert opinion to support their argument. But in the case of their writing, the support of expert opinion is not important because the evidences and examples are enough to call as expert opinion in the case of science and technological experiment.In conclusion, all of the five articles are clearly review, analyse, and can be reliable. All the sources talks in the areas of communication, industry, and medicine by using descriptor of evidence and alte rnative ways of using expert opinion. The objectivity of each writers are confirm in all sources and the interpretation are very clear. The thoroughness of treatment of the subject matter could confidentially be used from the analysis. Each suggestion from all writers are mentioned mostly point to the future use and analysis. For further research the study of more variety of necessity in creating invention must be more research and study to express their meaning widely in different area. This could help to look and analysis more widely in today and future development of invention. But the main point of all reviews is to find out the best ways to the result of successful future.The Limitations of researchThis research limited by certain factors. The research was limited by some boundarys of the topic. The personal factor was caused by the research topic is not directly related to the past experience and educationalbackground but mostly related to the philosophical area which is not computer study. This caused the lack of some specific or direct information that could help analyze the topic more efficiency. Another reason is the topic question is some kind of question that can answer in two ways that people could agree and disagree depends one the personal opinion so that the head of the answer to the question is not strong enough. This caused some part of the argument easy to be tax return by some situation in both side of agree and disagree.The suggestions for future studyThe problems of limitation of research need some suggestions to be made for future study. Firstly to solve the problem of lacking in specific education background, this research needs the specific education of philosophy and psychology to help provide more specific and strong supported information for the term of human necessity. This can help to improve the supported argument of the essay to become more reliable. This future study can do by focus on the continuous of inventions in each area in term of psychology, which will be very helpful in this research. The research doesnt need to find out the started point or the first creation of the invention because this essay was only focusing in present invention.Second future study is by searching more support from the expert opinion to help solve the limitation of unstable argument due to the meaning of research topic, which is too wide in general. The more researched findings of supported expert opinions can strongly help to support the argument and make the research become more reliable. This could be done by focus on the expert opinions that involve in the succession in each area of industry, medicine, and communication. The success of expert opinions is more reliable and couldnt be counter by other argument easily. In conclusion, if all suggestions of future study are completely done for(p) the research will not have any blank spaces to be counter by other counter argument.